Wednesday, March 18, 2015
TAKE CARE
TAKE CARE OF YOUR HEALTH
By doing regular workouts. Physical exercise is important to keep your body trim and fit. SURYANAMASKARAM IS THE BEST By closing and opening your palm fingers and toes if you are a working in computer all the time. By taking regular walks- By eating right food; timely food and enjoy the food while eating. NEVER STARVE. Your body will indicate the acceptance of the food by the output.
By regularly monitoring your inflow and outflow and the needs of presence and future. By planning your finance By spending it for what you want and what you need and what is possible leaving for the rainy day. Interestingly, Before you start earning, funds are available for your needs based on your parents ability. At the initial stages of earning your liabilities are Minimum, wants or rather DESIRES are more, commitments less. Income levels high as you have GOOD MARKET VALUE. As you grow, LIABILITY side keep increasing; so is income but not in the same extent. After some age, Liabilities keep increasing But income level become stagnant and relatively speaking diminishing, Alas, at a time when you want more funds to meet your liability, you have less inflow and opportunities less. This is the story of everyone.. SO plan well ahead FOR YOUR LIFE JOURNEY.
TAKE CARE OF YOUR TIME
Time is one commodity- if you call it a commodity- which cannot be stored, which cannot be created, which comes and goes. How effectively and efficiently one uses it for ones needs make life interesting You cannot do everything in this world. Certainly you can do what you want and what you need if you take care of time and respect time and manage it well. So take care of your time by planning, scheduling and carrying out the plan with discipline. Plan everything and practice..even the smallest and minutest details. For everything there is time, biologically, physiologically, psychologically fixed by nature. Let us respect that and do what is to be done, when it is to be done and in the way it is to be done.
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By doing regular workouts. Physical exercise is important to keep your body trim and fit.
By regularly monitoring your inflow and outflow and the needs of presence and future.
TAKE CARE OF YOUR TIME
Time is one commodity- if you call it a commodity- which cannot be stored, which cannot be created, which comes and goes. How effectively and efficiently one uses it for ones needs make life interesting
Hera Greek Goddess Who was Hera
 |
| Hera - Greek Goddess |
She was the principal wife of Zeus, and, as queen of heaven, participated in the honours paid to him, but her dominion only extended over the air (the lower aërial regions). Hera appears to be the sublime embodiment of strict matronly virtue, and is on that account the protectress of purity and married women.
Faultless herself in her fidelity as a wife, she is essentially the type of the sanctity of the marriage tie, and holds in abhorrence any violation of its obligations. So strongly was she imbued with this hatred of any immorality, that, finding herself so often called upon to punish the failings of both gods and men in this respect, she became jealous, harsh, and vindictive. Her exalted position as the wife of the supreme deity, combined with her extreme beauty, caused her to become exceedingly vain, and she consequently resented with great severity any infringement on her rights as queen of heaven, or any apparent slight on her personal appearance.
The following story will signally illustrate how ready she was to resent any slight offered to her.
At the marriage of the sea-nymph Thetis with a mortal called Peleus, all the gods and goddesses were present, except Eris (the goddess of Discord). Indignant at not being invited, she determined to cause dissension in the assembly, and for this purpose threw into the midst of the guests a golden apple with the inscription on it "For the Fairest." Now, as all the goddesses were extremely beautiful, each claimed the apple; but at length, the rest having relinquished their pretensions, the number of candidates was reduced to three, Hera, Athene, and Aphrodite, who agreed to appeal to Paris for a settlement of this delicate question, he being noted for the wisdom he had displayed in his judgment upon several occasions. Paris was the son of Priam, king of Troy, who, ignorant of his noble birth, was at this time feeding his flocks on Mount Ida, in Phrygia. Hermes, as messenger of the gods, conducted the three rival beauties to the young shepherd, and with breathless anxiety they awaited his decision. Each fair candidate endeavoured [40]to secure his favour by the most tempting offers. Hera promised him extensive dominions; Athene, martial fame and glory; and Aphrodite, the loveliest woman in the world. But whether he really considered Aphrodite the fairest of the three, or preferred a beautiful wife to fame and power, we cannot tell; all we know is that to her he awarded the golden apple, and she became ever after universally acknowledged as the goddess of beauty. Hera, having fully expected that Paris would give her the preference, was so indignant that she never forgave him, and not only persecuted him, but all the family of Priam, whose dreadful sufferings and misfortunes during the Trojan war were attributed to her influence. In fact, she carried her animosity to such an extent that it was often the cause of domestic disagreements between herself and Zeus, who espoused the cause of the Trojans.
Among the many stories of these frequent quarrels there is one connected with Heracles, the favourite son of Zeus, which is as follows:—Hera having raised a storm at sea in order to drive him out of his course, Zeus became so angry that he hung her in the clouds by a golden chain, and attached heavy anvils to her feet. Her son Hephæstus tried to release his mother from her humiliating position, for which Zeus threw him out of heaven, and his leg was broken by the fall.
Hera, being deeply offended with Zeus, determined to separate herself from him for ever, and she accordingly left him and took up her abode in Eubœa. Surprised and grieved at this unlooked-for desertion, Zeus resolved to leave no means untried to win her back again. In this emergency he consulted Cithaeron, king of Platea, who was famed for his great wisdom and subtlety. Cithaeron advised him to dress up an image in bridal attire and place it in a chariot, announcing that this was Platea, his future wife. The artifice succeeded. Hera, incensed at the idea of a rival, flew to meet the procession in great anger, and seizing the supposed bride, she furiously attacked her and dragged off her nuptial attire. Her delight on discovering the deception was so great that a reconciliation took place, and, committing the image to the flames, with joyful laughter she seated herself in its place and returned to Olympus.
Hera was the mother of Ares (Mars), Hephæstus, Hebe, and Eileithyia.
Ares was the god of War;
Hephæstus, of Fire;
Hebe, of Youth; and
Eileithyia presided over the birth of mortals.
Hera dearly loved Greece, and indeed always watched over and protected Greek interests, her beloved and favourite cities being Argos, Samos, Sparta, and Mycenæ.Her principal temples were at Argos and Samos. From a remote period she was greatly venerated at Olympia, and her temple there, which stood in the Altis or sacred grove, was five hundred years older than that of Zeus on the same spot. Some interesting excavations which are now going on there have brought to light the remains of the ancient edifice, which contains among other treasures of antiquity several beautiful statues, the work of the famous sculptors of ancient Greece. At first this temple was built of wood, then of stone, and the one lately discovered was formed of conglomerate of shells.
In the Altis races were run by young maidens in honour of Hera, and the fleetest of foot received in token of her victory an olive-wreath and a piece of the flesh of the sacrifices. These races, like the Olympic Games, were celebrated at intervals of four years, and were called Heræ. A beautiful robe, woven by sixteen women chosen from the sixteen cities of Elis, was always offered to Hera on these [42]occasions, and choral songs and sacred dances formed part of the ceremonies.
Hera is usually represented seated on a throne, holding a pomegranate in one hand and a sceptre surmounted by a cuckoo in the other. She appears as a calm, dignified matron of majestic beauty, robed in a tunic and mantle, her forehead is broad and intellectual, her eyes large and fully opened, and her arms dazzlingly white and finely moulded.
The finest statue of this divinity was that by Polycletus at Argos.
Her attributes are the diadem, veil, sceptre, and peacock.
The first day of every month a ewe-lamb and sow were sacrificed to Hera. The hawk, goose, and more particularly the peacock[17] were sacred to her. Flocks of these beautiful birds generally surround her throne and draw her chariot, Iris, the Rainbow, being seated behind her.
Her favourite flowers were the dittany, poppy, and lily.
JUNO - Who was Juno?
Juno, the Roman divinity supposed to be identical with the Greek Hera, differed from her in the most salient points, for whereas Hera invariably appears as the haughty, unbending queen of heaven, Juno, on the other hand, is revered and beloved as the type of a matron and housewife. She was worshipped in Rome under various titles, most of which point to her vocation as the protectress of married women. Juno was believed to watch over and guard the life of every woman from her birth to her death. The principal temples dedicated to her were in Rome, one being erected on the Aventine, and the other on the Capitoline Hill. She had also a temple on the Arx, in which she was worshipped as Juno Moneta, or the [43]warning goddess. Adjacent to this shrine was the public mint.On the 1st of March a grand annual festival, called the Matronalia, was celebrated in her honour by all the married women of Rome, and this religious institution was accompanied with much solemnity.
Text:
Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome
Author: E.M. Berens
Published: 1880
How to Make Traps for Small Animals One of the Easiest Traps to Build
The animal does not fear to enter the box, because he can see through it: when he enters, however, and touches the bait the lid is released and, dropping, shuts him in.
This is one of the easiest traps to build and is usually successful.
Excerpt from the book:
THE BOY MECHANIC
VOLUME I
700 THINGS FOR BOYS TO DO
WITH 800 ILLUSTRATIONS
1913, BY H. H. WINDSOR CHICAGO
POPULAR MECHANICS CO. PUBLISHERS
RESPLENDENT RASAM
Sambar and Rasam, like Vashishtar and Vishwamithrar, are kulagurus of Tamil brahminical lunches and dinners. Both have army of admirers and at times one is substituted for the other. In marriage lunches and dinners they go together, and in our homes, for the day-to-day lunches and dinners, we either prepare sambar or rasam but less frequently both.
For Sambar in Palakkad, they use ground and grated coconut, whereas in Tamil Nadu, sambar powder is preferred. Availability of coconut and pulses determine this and one is not superior to the other. However, for marriage lunches, arachuvitta sambar ( sambar with ground and grated coconut) alone is prescribed. Powdered sambar is looked down upon, as if it plays for the B team. Rasam doesn’t entertain such distinction. Rasam powder is universally used and coconut in rasam is unheard of.
Sambar has to face stiff competition from Morkhuzhambhu, Vettakhuzhambhu and pitla though often, it either overshadows or is overshadowed by the other two. Rasam fears no such alien threats, save the competition within the specie Rasam itself.
Like Manchester United and Real Madrid Football Clubs followers, the rasam consumers are categorized into two fiercely opposing groups – those who take their rasam with the sediments (kalakkivitta rasam), and those would prefer the sediments to remain in the container ( thelivu rasam). Concerns for the preferences of others demand that those who opt for the thelivu rasam should have the right of use first, as they would not disturb others. Sediment-rasam protagonists should realize that the right of first use to them means the purists are deprived of their right of choice.
Lime Rasam dispenses with tamarind and is healthy. However, pepper rasam, jeerah rasam and kandanthippili rasam all have therapeutic value and hence are prepared as medicinal prescriptions. They are not opted for their pandering to our taste, but are consumed under compulsion to come out of certain ailments. My mother would often hurl a threat, when we children misbehave, that the following day, she would prepare pepper rasam (milagu rasam) only. Pepper rasam is invariably prescribed for those whose temperature level is above 100 degree F. Mysore rasam has all modern ingredients and it appeals to our palate. Senior members of the family frown upon it for fear that it might promote libido. If pure rasam is like a Chemmangudi concert playing with the subtleties of swaraprasthara, Mysore Rasam is like Dire Strait’s “Sulthans of Swing “ - stirring the youngsters’ soul. For a few enthusiasts, garlic rasam is the greatest. Though garlic promotes good health, it has many sworn enemies too.
As comma doesn’t end your sentence but indicates only a pause, sambar doesn’t end your meals. Invariably it has to be followed by rasam or dahi bath. Rasam is independent and can stand apart, alone. There is no compulsion that rasam has to be followed by dahi or any other bath.
Vadai soaked with sambar, is known as vada sambar, prominence being given to vadai. Vadai soaked in rasam is known as rasa vadai, rasam stealing the show. This indicates, rasam scores over sambar, wherever necessary.
As barbeque is connected with a grill and rotis and nans are linked to the tandooris, sambar boiled in a kalchatti assumes a significant flavour and taste and Rasam boiled in Kumbakonam made eeyachombhu lords over our lunch plates/leaves.
In certain homes, those who are below six and above seventy are served only rasam rice because rasam is easily digestible, tamarind being a strong ingredient notwithstanding. Perhaps, asafoetida (perunkayam) acts as an antidote to tamarind.
One can start and end with rasam rice. There is no taboo or stigma attached. But, sambar cannot stand alone. If one seeks sambar rice only, eyes would pierce him to pieces and his sanity may also be questioned. Similarly, when one is not hungry, a cup full of rasam would be offered as a solace. A cup of sambar to sip is blasphemy in a brahminical home.
My daughter can prepare both milagu rasam and mysore rasam with equal ease, a mother would say proudly. My daughter in law is just experimenting with her rasams, a mamiyar would say indifferently, leaving it to our guess whether she is paying compliment or picking holes in the preparation. The statement that "my grandfather still enjoys his rasam confirms that his faculties are in tact and that he continues to be in good health.
The vegetables that go well with sambar – porial or paruppu usili are acceptable to rasam too with equal eagerness. Whatmore, rasam has an extra affinity to appalam and papadam. In marriage lunches, an extra appalam is offered when rasam is being served. The appalam has the added advantage of covering up the shortfall of the rasam too. Sambar without vegetable pieces looks barren. Rasam is basically barren, but the addition of pieces of tomato and handful dhania (kothamalli) lends rasam dignity and extra flavour.
Rasam is a Monarch of all it surveys. No wonder, when we take rasam rice, the quantity of rasam dominates. In sambar rice, the high quantity of sambar is frowned upon.
Rasam is a Monarch of all it surveys. No wonder, when we take rasam rice, the quantity of rasam dominates. In sambar rice, the high quantity of sambar is frowned upon.
In addition to its own intrinsic merits, Rasam is also enjoyed for one more reason. In the marriage lunches, rasam is immediately followed up by payasam. If rasam comes, can payasam be far behind, many of us seem to parody Poet Shelley’s words.
Milagu rasam, in western garbs becomes mulaguthanni soup in star hotels. In fact, rasam is precursor to varities of modern soups. No wonder, rasam is considered as resplendent and one of the greatest contributions of the Tamils to the culinary world. The software techies from South India thrive on varieties of rasams in their pursuit of excellence in their chosen fields.
A cup of rasam, a piece of papadam (roasted in microlwave oven), a hand-held instrument to browse, one is in paradise now, Khalil Gibran would have repeated today.
North and South Pole areas with more differences than similarities
North and South Pole areas for most people are real secret. Most people have a vague idea on these areas and imagine them as areas very similar to each other.
It is strange that between the Antarctic areas (South Pole) and Arctic areas (areas of the North Pole) there are more differences than similarities!
The area of the South Pole is mainly composed of the continent called Antarctica. This continent covered with snow and ice, has an area larger than Europe. In contrast, the North Pole area consists of the Arctic Ocean, surrounded by the shores of North America, Europe and Asia.
Other big difference is that the man, animals and plants gradually migrated northward in the North Pole area, adapting to the polar environment, but on the area of the South Pole, which is separated with hundreds of kilometers of ocean from all continents except South America, there are no land animals or people.
Plant life is there so poor that there only grow lichens, algae, grasses and some other plants. Penguins have a very nice life in this area, because here they have no natural enemies to fight with.
In the Antarctic there is low temperature, even in summer, and in winter the biggest blizzard in the world.
In the area of the North Pole from the surrounding water there are rising air currents which keep the temperature is a little higher.
But in Antarctica, which is mainly covered by vast ice cover, a huge mass of cold high pressure air are created, so the climate is much sharper than the climate in the North Pole.
Even during the summer months the average temperature in Antarctica is below the frozing temperature of water!
From time to time, during some summer days, the temperature is known to climb to about 4 degrees above zero.
The winter average temperature at the South Pole ranges from – 20 C (-4 F) to -35 C (-31 F)!
In Antarctica the lowest ever recorded temperature was - 88 ° C (-126,4 F) !
Read more »
It is strange that between the Antarctic areas (South Pole) and Arctic areas (areas of the North Pole) there are more differences than similarities!
The area of the South Pole is mainly composed of the continent called Antarctica. This continent covered with snow and ice, has an area larger than Europe. In contrast, the North Pole area consists of the Arctic Ocean, surrounded by the shores of North America, Europe and Asia.
Other big difference is that the man, animals and plants gradually migrated northward in the North Pole area, adapting to the polar environment, but on the area of the South Pole, which is separated with hundreds of kilometers of ocean from all continents except South America, there are no land animals or people.
Plant life is there so poor that there only grow lichens, algae, grasses and some other plants. Penguins have a very nice life in this area, because here they have no natural enemies to fight with.
 |
| Arctic (orthographic projection) |
And what is the climate?
In the area of the North Pole from the surrounding water there are rising air currents which keep the temperature is a little higher.
But in Antarctica, which is mainly covered by vast ice cover, a huge mass of cold high pressure air are created, so the climate is much sharper than the climate in the North Pole.
Even during the summer months the average temperature in Antarctica is below the frozing temperature of water!
From time to time, during some summer days, the temperature is known to climb to about 4 degrees above zero.
The winter average temperature at the South Pole ranges from – 20 C (-4 F) to -35 C (-31 F)!
In Antarctica the lowest ever recorded temperature was - 88 ° C (-126,4 F) !
Black lung What is black lung disease Anthracosis
Black lung is the common name for the lung disorder Anthracosis. The lungs have normal pink color, which is turned black by the inhalation of coal dust or smoke.
Black lung was once a common disorder only among coal miners, and today it is also found in city dwellers.
Diagnosis is confirmed by an X-ray examination.
Breathing clean air halts the progress of the disease and may help reduce the severity of the symptoms. A victim should avoid further exposure to dust particles.
Read more »
Black lung was once a common disorder only among coal miners, and today it is also found in city dwellers.
Black lung symptoms
In the early stages the symptoms of Black lung resemble those of bronchitis, with coughing and shortness of breath. If the cause is not removed, over a period of years the coughing gradually gets worse.Diagnosis is confirmed by an X-ray examination.
Black lung treatment
The lung damage caused by the inhaled dust cannot be repaired, nor can it be treated directly.Breathing clean air halts the progress of the disease and may help reduce the severity of the symptoms. A victim should avoid further exposure to dust particles.
SANI PRADOSHAM
Sani Pradosham
Shani Pradosh January 2011 date –
Sani Pradosham on Saturday
Pradosh, or Pradosham, is a fasting dedicated to Hindu God Shiva and it is observed on the 13th day of the fortnight in a traditional Hindu Lunar Calendar. Shani Pradosh January 2011 date is January 1. Fasting and doing puja on the day is believed to help in removing the
hardships caused by Sani Dev.
In Hindu tradition, Saturday or Shanivar is dedicated to the worship of Lord Shani or Shaneeshwara – one among the Navgrahas. For those that believe in Hindu astrology and horoscope, Shani Bhagavan can create problems in life. It is believed that fasting and praying on Pradosh day will help in keeping removing the effects of Shani. Please note that concept of Shani Pradosh is more common in western parts of India.
The Story of Pradosh Fasting –
Pradosha Vrat Katha
Pradosh Vrat, also known as Pradosham, is dedicated to Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati. The Pradosha fasting and rituals are observed on the 13th day of lunar fortnight. There is an nteresting story mentioned in the Puranas which narrate the origin of the Pradosh Fasting.
The Pradosh vrat katha is associated with Samudurmanthana or Churning of ocean and Lord Shiva drinking the poison Halahala.
To get Amrita or the elixir of life, Devas and Asuras started the Samudra Manthan or churning of ocean on the advice from Lord Vishnu. The churning of the ocean produced the terrible poison Halahala which had the capacity to devour the universe.
Lord Shiva came to the rescue of the Devas and Demons and he drank the poison Halahala. The demons and gods continued the churning of the ocean and finally they got the Amrut or elixir on the twelfth day of lunar fortnight.
The Devas and Asuras thanked Lord Shiva on the thirteenth day. Pleased with the devotion, Lord Shiva is believed to have danced between the horns of Nandi – the bull. The time when Shiva was extremely happy was the Pradosham period or the twilight time.
It is believed that Lord Shiva is extremely happy during this period and blesses all this devotees and fulfills their wishes during the Pradosh period on Trayodashi day.
Shiva devotees perform Pradosh for attaining moksha and fulfilling their dreams.
How to do or observe Pradosham or Pradosha Vrata dedicated to Shiva?
Pradosha Vrata is observed on the 13th day of a fortnight and there are two Pradosham in a Hindu month. Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati are worshipped in the evening during twilight on this day. In some regions, the day is dedicated to Nataraja form of Shiva. The fasting on this day is observed for success, peace and fulfillment of desires. It is said that mere darshan of any of the one form of Shiva removes ignorance.
The importance of Pradosha Vrata and how to observe it is narrated in the Skanda Purana. There are two methods of fasting on the day. Some people observe a 24-hour fast which includes not sleeping during night. Another method is fasting from sunrise till sunset and after Shiva puja in the evening the fast is broken.
Pradosham is the twilight period just before sunset and after sunset. Pujas and prayers are performed during this period. Many people during this period spend the time in a Shiva temple or listening to the glory of Shiva. In the evening, an hour before sunset the devotee takes bath and prayers are offered to Lord Shiva, Goddess Parvathi, Ganesha, Kartik and Nandi. After
the initial prayers, Lord Shiva is worshipped in the form of a Kalasha (sacred pot). The Kalasha filled with water is covered with darbha grass and a lotus is drawn on the pot.
Another form of worship is the puja of Shivling. The shivling is bathed with water and Bilva leaves are offered. Some people use a painting or picture of Shiva for worship. It is said that offering Bilva leaves on Pradosham is highly auspicious.
After this people listen to the Pradosha Vrata Katha or story or read chapters from Shiva Purana. Then the Maha Mrityunjaya Mantra is recited 108 times. After this the water used in the puja ceremony is given as ‘Prasad’ along with sacred ash. The ash is applied on the forehead.
It is said that just lighting a single lamp during Pradosham period is enough to please Lord Shiva and the act is highly rewarding. Majority of Shiva devotees have a darshan of Shiva during Pradosham in a nearby temple.In all Pradosha vratas, Shani Pradosha and Soma Pradosham are the important days.
Pradosham which falls on Shanivara (Saturday) is Shani Pradosh and on Somavara (Monday) is Soma Pradosham. In 2011, there are three Pradosh vrat dates in January and March and only one in February 2011. Here are the Pradosham 2011 dates: (Note: All the dates are given as per Indian Standard Time, IST.):
Pradosh in the year 2011:
Pradosh in January 2011:
1 January 2011 – Pradosham on Saturday – Shani Pradosh vrat
17 January 2011 – Pradosh vrat on Monday – Soma Pradosham
31 January, 2011 – Pradosh puja on Monday – Som Pradosh
Pradosh vrat in February 2011:
16 February 2011 – Pradhosha Vratam on Wednesday
Pradosha puja dates in March 2011:
2 March 2011 – Pradosham on Wednesday
17 March 2011 – Pradosham Puja on Thursday
31 March 2011 – Pradosha Pooja on Thursday
Pradosh in April 2011:
15 April 2011 – Pradosh on Friday
30 April 2011 – Pradosh on Saturday – Shani Pradosh
Pradosh vratham in May 2011:
15 May 2011 – Pradosh fasting on Sunday
30 May 2011 – Soma Pradosham – Pradosh on Monday
Pradosh fasting in June 2011:
13 June 2011 – Som Pradosha – Pradosham on Monday
28 June 2011 – Pradosh fasting on Tuesday
Pradosham in July 2011:
12 July 2011 – Pradosh Vratham on Tuesday
28 July 2011 – Pradosha vrat on Thursday
Pradosha puja in August 2011:
11 August 2011 – Pradosha on Thursday
26 August 2011 – Pradosha puja on Friday
Pradosh September 2011 dates:
9 September 2011 – Pradosh Vrata on Friday
25 September 2011 – Pradosha puja on Sunday
Pradosh October 2011:
9 October 2011 – Pradosha on Sunday
24 October 2011 – Som Pradosha – Pradosh on Monday
Pradosham November 2011:
8 November 2011 – Pradosh on Tuesday
23 November 2011 – Pradosham on Wednesday
Pradosham in December 2011:
7 December 2011 – Pradosh on Wednesday
22 December 2011 – Pradosha fasting on Thursda
Read more »
Shani Pradosh January 2011 date –
Sani Pradosham on Saturday
Pradosh, or Pradosham, is a fasting dedicated to Hindu God Shiva and it is observed on the 13th day of the fortnight in a traditional Hindu Lunar Calendar. Shani Pradosh January 2011 date is January 1. Fasting and doing puja on the day is believed to help in removing the
hardships caused by Sani Dev.
In Hindu tradition, Saturday or Shanivar is dedicated to the worship of Lord Shani or Shaneeshwara – one among the Navgrahas. For those that believe in Hindu astrology and horoscope, Shani Bhagavan can create problems in life. It is believed that fasting and praying on Pradosh day will help in keeping removing the effects of Shani. Please note that concept of Shani Pradosh is more common in western parts of India.
The Story of Pradosh Fasting –
Pradosha Vrat Katha
Pradosh Vrat, also known as Pradosham, is dedicated to Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati. The Pradosha fasting and rituals are observed on the 13th day of lunar fortnight. There is an nteresting story mentioned in the Puranas which narrate the origin of the Pradosh Fasting.
The Pradosh vrat katha is associated with Samudurmanthana or Churning of ocean and Lord Shiva drinking the poison Halahala.
To get Amrita or the elixir of life, Devas and Asuras started the Samudra Manthan or churning of ocean on the advice from Lord Vishnu. The churning of the ocean produced the terrible poison Halahala which had the capacity to devour the universe.
Lord Shiva came to the rescue of the Devas and Demons and he drank the poison Halahala. The demons and gods continued the churning of the ocean and finally they got the Amrut or elixir on the twelfth day of lunar fortnight.
The Devas and Asuras thanked Lord Shiva on the thirteenth day. Pleased with the devotion, Lord Shiva is believed to have danced between the horns of Nandi – the bull. The time when Shiva was extremely happy was the Pradosham period or the twilight time.
It is believed that Lord Shiva is extremely happy during this period and blesses all this devotees and fulfills their wishes during the Pradosh period on Trayodashi day.
Shiva devotees perform Pradosh for attaining moksha and fulfilling their dreams.
How to do or observe Pradosham or Pradosha Vrata dedicated to Shiva?
Pradosha Vrata is observed on the 13th day of a fortnight and there are two Pradosham in a Hindu month. Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati are worshipped in the evening during twilight on this day. In some regions, the day is dedicated to Nataraja form of Shiva. The fasting on this day is observed for success, peace and fulfillment of desires. It is said that mere darshan of any of the one form of Shiva removes ignorance.
The importance of Pradosha Vrata and how to observe it is narrated in the Skanda Purana. There are two methods of fasting on the day. Some people observe a 24-hour fast which includes not sleeping during night. Another method is fasting from sunrise till sunset and after Shiva puja in the evening the fast is broken.
Pradosham is the twilight period just before sunset and after sunset. Pujas and prayers are performed during this period. Many people during this period spend the time in a Shiva temple or listening to the glory of Shiva. In the evening, an hour before sunset the devotee takes bath and prayers are offered to Lord Shiva, Goddess Parvathi, Ganesha, Kartik and Nandi. After
the initial prayers, Lord Shiva is worshipped in the form of a Kalasha (sacred pot). The Kalasha filled with water is covered with darbha grass and a lotus is drawn on the pot.
Another form of worship is the puja of Shivling. The shivling is bathed with water and Bilva leaves are offered. Some people use a painting or picture of Shiva for worship. It is said that offering Bilva leaves on Pradosham is highly auspicious.
After this people listen to the Pradosha Vrata Katha or story or read chapters from Shiva Purana. Then the Maha Mrityunjaya Mantra is recited 108 times. After this the water used in the puja ceremony is given as ‘Prasad’ along with sacred ash. The ash is applied on the forehead.
It is said that just lighting a single lamp during Pradosham period is enough to please Lord Shiva and the act is highly rewarding. Majority of Shiva devotees have a darshan of Shiva during Pradosham in a nearby temple.In all Pradosha vratas, Shani Pradosha and Soma Pradosham are the important days.
Pradosham which falls on Shanivara (Saturday) is Shani Pradosh and on Somavara (Monday) is Soma Pradosham. In 2011, there are three Pradosh vrat dates in January and March and only one in February 2011. Here are the Pradosham 2011 dates: (Note: All the dates are given as per Indian Standard Time, IST.):
Pradosh in the year 2011:
Pradosh in January 2011:
1 January 2011 – Pradosham on Saturday – Shani Pradosh vrat
17 January 2011 – Pradosh vrat on Monday – Soma Pradosham
31 January, 2011 – Pradosh puja on Monday – Som Pradosh
Pradosh vrat in February 2011:
16 February 2011 – Pradhosha Vratam on Wednesday
Pradosha puja dates in March 2011:
2 March 2011 – Pradosham on Wednesday
17 March 2011 – Pradosham Puja on Thursday
31 March 2011 – Pradosha Pooja on Thursday
Pradosh in April 2011:
15 April 2011 – Pradosh on Friday
30 April 2011 – Pradosh on Saturday – Shani Pradosh
Pradosh vratham in May 2011:
15 May 2011 – Pradosh fasting on Sunday
30 May 2011 – Soma Pradosham – Pradosh on Monday
Pradosh fasting in June 2011:
13 June 2011 – Som Pradosha – Pradosham on Monday
28 June 2011 – Pradosh fasting on Tuesday
Pradosham in July 2011:
12 July 2011 – Pradosh Vratham on Tuesday
28 July 2011 – Pradosha vrat on Thursday
Pradosha puja in August 2011:
11 August 2011 – Pradosha on Thursday
26 August 2011 – Pradosha puja on Friday
Pradosh September 2011 dates:
9 September 2011 – Pradosh Vrata on Friday
25 September 2011 – Pradosha puja on Sunday
Pradosh October 2011:
9 October 2011 – Pradosha on Sunday
24 October 2011 – Som Pradosha – Pradosh on Monday
Pradosham November 2011:
8 November 2011 – Pradosh on Tuesday
23 November 2011 – Pradosham on Wednesday
Pradosham in December 2011:
7 December 2011 – Pradosh on Wednesday
22 December 2011 – Pradosha fasting on Thursda
Roman god JANUS Roman Gods Names
From the earliest ages Janus was regarded by the Romans with the utmost affection and veneration, as a divinity who ranked only second to Jupiter himself, and through whom all prayers and petitions were transmitted to the other gods.
He was believed to preside over the beginnings of all things, hence it was he who inaugurated the years, months, and seasons, and in course of time came to be considered as specially protecting the beginnings of all human enterprises. The great importance which the Romans attached to an auspicious commencement, as contributing to the ultimate success of an enterprise, accounts for the high estimation in which Janus was held as the god of beginnings.
This divinity would appear to have been the ancient sun-god of the Italian tribes, in which capacity he opens and closes the gates of heaven every morning and evening. Hence he was regarded as the door-keeper of heaven, and also as the presiding deity over all gates, entrances, &c., on earth.
The fact of his being the god of city gates, which were called Jani after him, is ascribed, however, to the following myth:—After the abduction of their women by the Romans, the Sabines, in revenge, invaded the Roman state, and were already about to enter the gates of the city, when suddenly a hot sulphur spring, which was believed to have been sent by Janus for their special preservation, gushed forth from the earth, and arrested the progress of the enemy.
In his character as guardian of gates and doors, he was also regarded as a protecting deity of the home, for which reason little shrines were erected to him over the doors of houses, which contained an image of the god, having two faces.
Janus possessed no temples in the ordinary acceptation of the word, but all the gates of cities were dedicated to him. Close to the Forum of Rome stood the so-called temple of Janus, which, however, was merely an arched passage, closed by massive gates. This temple was open only in time of war, as it was supposed that the god had then taken his departure with the Roman army, over whose welfare he personally presided. It is worthy of notice, as an evidence of the many wars in which the Romans were engaged, that the gates of this sanctuary were only closed three times during 700 years.
As the god who ushers in the new year, the first month was called after him, and on the 1st of January his most important festival was celebrated, on which occasion all entrances of public and private buildings were decorated with laurel branches and garlands of flowers.
His sacrifices, consisting of cakes, wine, and barley, were offered to him at the beginning of every month; and before sacrificing to the other gods his name was always invoked, and a libation poured out to him.
Janus is usually represented with two faces; in his special function as door-keeper of heaven he stands erect, bearing a key in one hand, and a rod or sceptre in the other.
It is supposed that Janus was the most ancient king of Italy, who, during his life, governed his subjects with such wisdom and moderation that, in gratitude for the benefits conferred upon them, his people deified him after death and placed him in the foremost rank among their divinities. We have already seen in the history of Cronus that Saturn, who was identified with the Greek Cronus (god of time), was the friend and colleague of Janus. Anxious to prove his gratitude to his benefactor, Cronus endowed him with the knowledge of past and future events, which enabled him to adopt the wisest measures for the welfare of his subjects, and it is on this account that Janus is represented with two faces looking in opposite directions, the one to the past, the other to the future.
Text:
Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome
Author: E.M. Berens
Published: 1880
The Project Gutenberg E-Book
Produced by Alicia Williams, Keith Edkins and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
Read more »
He was believed to preside over the beginnings of all things, hence it was he who inaugurated the years, months, and seasons, and in course of time came to be considered as specially protecting the beginnings of all human enterprises. The great importance which the Romans attached to an auspicious commencement, as contributing to the ultimate success of an enterprise, accounts for the high estimation in which Janus was held as the god of beginnings.
This divinity would appear to have been the ancient sun-god of the Italian tribes, in which capacity he opens and closes the gates of heaven every morning and evening. Hence he was regarded as the door-keeper of heaven, and also as the presiding deity over all gates, entrances, &c., on earth.
The fact of his being the god of city gates, which were called Jani after him, is ascribed, however, to the following myth:—After the abduction of their women by the Romans, the Sabines, in revenge, invaded the Roman state, and were already about to enter the gates of the city, when suddenly a hot sulphur spring, which was believed to have been sent by Janus for their special preservation, gushed forth from the earth, and arrested the progress of the enemy.
In his character as guardian of gates and doors, he was also regarded as a protecting deity of the home, for which reason little shrines were erected to him over the doors of houses, which contained an image of the god, having two faces.
Janus possessed no temples in the ordinary acceptation of the word, but all the gates of cities were dedicated to him. Close to the Forum of Rome stood the so-called temple of Janus, which, however, was merely an arched passage, closed by massive gates. This temple was open only in time of war, as it was supposed that the god had then taken his departure with the Roman army, over whose welfare he personally presided. It is worthy of notice, as an evidence of the many wars in which the Romans were engaged, that the gates of this sanctuary were only closed three times during 700 years.
As the god who ushers in the new year, the first month was called after him, and on the 1st of January his most important festival was celebrated, on which occasion all entrances of public and private buildings were decorated with laurel branches and garlands of flowers.
His sacrifices, consisting of cakes, wine, and barley, were offered to him at the beginning of every month; and before sacrificing to the other gods his name was always invoked, and a libation poured out to him.
Janus is usually represented with two faces; in his special function as door-keeper of heaven he stands erect, bearing a key in one hand, and a rod or sceptre in the other.
It is supposed that Janus was the most ancient king of Italy, who, during his life, governed his subjects with such wisdom and moderation that, in gratitude for the benefits conferred upon them, his people deified him after death and placed him in the foremost rank among their divinities. We have already seen in the history of Cronus that Saturn, who was identified with the Greek Cronus (god of time), was the friend and colleague of Janus. Anxious to prove his gratitude to his benefactor, Cronus endowed him with the knowledge of past and future events, which enabled him to adopt the wisest measures for the welfare of his subjects, and it is on this account that Janus is represented with two faces looking in opposite directions, the one to the past, the other to the future.
Text:
Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome
Author: E.M. Berens
Published: 1880
The Project Gutenberg E-Book
Produced by Alicia Williams, Keith Edkins and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
Another Rotifer
Ive posted pictures of rotifers before (here) but they are such amazing animals that theres always room for another - especially this one, which looks like a monster from a sci-fi horror movie. I found it at the edge of a pond today and it is - I think - a species of Euchlanis, which belongs to a group called loricate rotifers. A lorica is a hard outer shell (the word lorica is Latin for body armour) that provides protection and maybe has hydrodynamic properties that aid swimming. The protective function is evident in this photograph (above), where the animals head is withdrawn into its shield-shaped lorica, which has claw-like points guarding either side of the opening. The animal is about a fifth of a millimetre long.
It may be that the shield-shaped lorica also functions like a wing, generating lift as the animal swims through the water, powered by a tuft of fast-beating cilia at the head end- which you can see beating in the short video below. When at rest the animal can anchor itself with its tail spines, which open and close like a pair of scissors.
These images were taken with differential interference contrast optics, which generate an apparent three-dimensional image of microscopic objects.
You can find out more about rotifers here.
Hirschsprung’s disease – symptoms treatment What is Hirschsprungs disease
Hirschsprung’s disease (Megacolon), is a congenital defect of the large intestine in which there is an absence of the nerve fibers within certain segments of the intestinal muscles. As a result, the muscles in the affected area do not work, and there is no peristalsis (the rhythmic movement by which the intestine moves its contents along) in the affected section.
This acts as an obstruction.
Hirschsprung disease symptoms
Hirschsprungs disease symptoms usually include severe, continuous constipation and the abdomen becomes increasingly distended (swollen) as the intestine fills with feces. The affected child may vomit, and growth may be retarded.
Hirschsprung disease treatment
Most cases require a surgical operation in which the abnormal section of the intestine is removed, and the two normal ends joined together.
BREAK YOUR BELIEF SYSTEM
Allow Wealth coming into your life by breaking your Belief System
Posted: 14 Aug 2014 05:44 AM PDT
Most of the TV channels help in selling products like – Lal Kitab, Suraksha Kavach, Shri Yantra . They do this day and night and according to these advertisements, these products helps people in becoming prosperous. Most of the news channels have at least one show on Palmistry too, which solves people financial problems. Some believe in it and some choose to call it superstition.
Superstition or Beliefs
Here is an old story to learn something from about superstition or beliefsWhen the spiritual teacher and his disciples began their evening meditation, the cat who lived in the monastery made such noise, that it distracted them. So the teacher ordered that the cat be tied up during the evening practice. Years later, when the teacher died, the cat continued to be tied up during the meditation session. And when the cat eventually died, another cat was brought to the monastery and tied up.Let’s look at some real life examples
Centuries later, learned descendants of the spiritual teacher wrote scholarly treatises about the religious significance of tying up a cat for meditation practice. Now how is this related to financial life ? Many such cats are present in your financial life, which you might not even be aware about, you believe in few things as if they are truth without questioning them and thinking about it.
“Advisor: Sir, gold prices have gone up because of festive season I think you should wait for some time? Mr. Shah: No no, We buy gold only during Diwali. No matter what gold prices are – we would like to go ahead.
Real estate agent: Sirji, one very good property is available at a very competitive price. The property is main road touch and it is difficult to get such property at this rate. Mr. Singh: Oye No no. it’s House number 13. It is an unlucky number we can’t go ahead with this property. Show us some other property.
Insurance agent: Sir I have a traditional plan, where you get high returns and your money is absolutely safe Half of india: Yes, my parents taught me the same. I believe in LIC, I know LIC is safe and best investment. I am ready. tell me where to sign?
Whats your Belief System
Now look at your belief system. Look at what did you hear on TV or read something on blog or magazines, that became part of your belief system. From time to time question your thoughts and beliefs, as questioning will help you grow.Break your belief system,
Tuesday, March 17, 2015
Hide Users on the Welcome Screen
When you add an account for certain users with Windows XP, their user names will appear on the Welcome Screen. Sometimes a user needs to be added to a Windows XP machine, because he needs access (via the network) to resources on the machine, but he will not be physically logging in on the computer. You can remove his name from the Welcome Screen, while still maintaining the user account.
Start the Registry Editor
Go to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE SOFTWARE Microsoft Windows NT CurrentVersion Winlogon SpecialAccounts UserList Right-click an empty space in the right pane and select New > DWORD
Value Name the new value exactly as the Username Leave the Value data as 0
If you want to enable this user again on the Welcome Screen, either double-click the Username value, and change the Value data to 1, or delete the Username Close the registry editor
Animal Cells
Here is a typical animal cell. Cells are specialised to do different jobs. They are usually arranged into tissues. A tissue contains many cells all of the same kind and all doing the same jobs. You must know about a variety of animal cells for your GCSE exam, so here are some examples.
This is a fairly typical animal cell. Like all other animal cells it has a nucleus, cytoplasm and a cell membrane. Liver cells have many jobs. They remove toxic chemicals from the blood, they store glycogen, they remove excess amino-acids from the blood and make urea which is excreted by the kidneys; they generate heat to warm your blood on a cold day; they store iron, and so on.
Like all other animal and plant cells they contain mitochondria (singular mitochondrion). These are cell organelles. Their job is to obtain energy from glucose by tissue respiration. The energy produced by mitochondria is released into the cell in the form of ATP (Adenosine Tri-Phosphate).
Here is a diagram of a sperm. It is a single cell and just like other cells it has a nucleus, cytoplasm and a nucleus. It is specialised to carry genetic information. It has very little cytoplasm. It has one very large mitochondrion. It has a ling tail. The tail gets ATP energy from the mitochondrion. The tail lashes about like a whip driving the sperm forwards (swimming). The acrosome contains enzymes which help it break into an egg to fertilize the egg.
This is a motor neurone (nerve cell). It is very long. The cell body at the left side of the diagram is found in the spinal cord or brain. The motor end plates are found on the surface of a muscle. Electrical messages (nerve impulses) are carried along the axon from your brain to one of your muscles. When the impulse gets to a muscle, it makes the muscle contract.
You can see that the axon (nerve fibre) is covered in "Schwann Cells" which contain a lot of fat and insulate each axon from all the others. I have not bothered to draw the nuclei of the Schwann Cells in place, but they all have one.
This is a white blood cell: there are usually a few thousand white blood cells per cubic millimetre of blood. Their jobs are to produce antibodies and to engulf bacteria, i.e. they fight disease. When you have an infection, the number of white blood cells in your blood will rise. They can change their shape and this helps them to squeeze themselves through cracks in your capillary walls. White blood cells can escape from the blood into your tissues to fight infections.
This is a red blood cell. There are approximately five million red blood cells per cubic millimetre of blood, slightly more in men and less in women. The number of red blood cells is higher in people who live at high altitudes. Red blood cells have a perfect shape for absorbing and releasing oxygen. They are full of an iron containing protein called haemoglobin. This protein has a very high affinity for oxygen. When blood passes through your lungs it becomes saturated with oxygen.
Haemoglobin is an amazing chemical because if you warm it slightly and add a bit of acid, it will give up all its oxygen. Well, when your blood goes through your muscles, the heat from exercise and carbon dioxide force the heamoglobin to give up its oxygen.
Red blood cells do not have nuclei. Developing red blood cells in your bone marrow do have nuclei, but the nuclei disintigrate when they are fully developed: this is because the nuclei are not needed any more.
I hope that you have learnt that all animal cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and a nucleus (red blood cells excepted) and that cells are specialised to do different jobs. A biologist would say that "their structures are related to their functions".
Nucleus
The nucleus of a cell contains a very special chemical called DNA. This stands for Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid: you do NOT need to remember the full name for your GCSE exam though you will have to know it for "A" Level biology. It is actually acidic, hence the name. It is found in the nucleus, hence the name. I contains a sugar called deoxyribose, hence the name.
DNA is very special because it contains information to control what the cytoplasm does. Another similar chemical called RNA is used to pass the information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. RNA stand for Ribo Nucleic Acid: it contains a sugar called ribose. Again you do not need to remember the full name for GCSE.
You and I have inherited feature from our parents: we are similar but not identical to our siblings. I have three younger siblings, two are sisters and one is a brother. Please dont e-mail me to tell me that you are identical to one of your siblings: if you are one of a pair of identical twins you are a special case. You will already know that you and your sibling are identical because you were made from the same sperma and egg.
The bits of information in the DNA molecules are called "genes". Have a look at my genetics page if you want to know more about inheritance.
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is the part of the cell which does all the work. Different cells do different jobs, however whatever the job is it will require energy in the form of a chemical called ATP. This energy containing chemical is produced by tiny organelles in the cell called mitochondria.
Muscle cells contain two very special chemicals called actin and myosin. These are made of protein and they can join together to form actinomyosin. When a nerve impulse simulates a muscle it makes the actinomyosin contract.
The cells in your salivary glands make mucin (a very slippery protein) and amylase (an enzyme). The nuclei of the secretory cells in your salivary gland contain the information about how to make these two proteins in their DNA.
Cell Membranes
The cell membrane controls what comes into and goes out of the cell. Cell membranes are semi-permeable. That means that they allow some things to pass through and prevent other things from passing through. Membranes are NOT fully permeable, NOR are they completely impermeable. Osmosis is the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration.
The definition contains three important statements:
- Osmosis is the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration.
- Osmosis is the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration.
- Osmosis is the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration.
Explanation
First the definition of osmosis:
- Semi-permeable membranes are very thin layers of material (cell membranes are semi-permeable) which allow some things to pass through them but prevent other things from passing through.
Cell membranes will allow small molecules like Oxygen, water, Carbon Dioxide, Ammonia, Glucose, amino-acids, etc. to pass through. Cell membranes will not allow larger molecules like Sucrose, Starch, protein, etc. to pass through. - A region of high concentration of water is either a very dilute solution of something like sucrose or pure water. In each case there is a lot of water: there is a high concentration of water.
Some teachers use the definition which starts "Osmosis is the passage of water from a dilute solution to a......" this means exactly the same as the definition I have given. - A region of low concentration of water is a concentrated solution of something like sucrose. In this case there is much less water.
So you could use the definition "Osmosis is the passage of water from a dilute solution through a semi-permeable membrane to a more concentrated solution.
When you put an animal or plant cell into a liquid containing water one of three things will happen.
- If the medium surrounding the cell has a higher water concentration than the cell (a very dilute solution) the cell will gain water by osmosis.
Water molecules are free to pass across the cell membrane in both directions, but more water will come into the cell than will leave. The net (overall) result is that water enters the cell. The cell is likely to swell up. - If the medium is exactly the same water concentration as the cell there will be no net movement of water across the cell membrane.
Water crosses the cell membrane in both directions, but the amount going in is the same as the amount going out, so there is no overall movement of water. The cell will stay the same size. - If the medium has a lower concentration of water than the cell (a very concentrated solution) the cell will lose water by osmosis.
Again, water crosses the cell membrane in both directions, but this time more water leaves the cell than enters it. Therefore the cell will shrink.
Firstly what happens to plant cells:
Plant cells always have a strong cell wall surrounding them. When the take up water by osmosis they start to swell, but the cell wall prevents them from bursting. Plant cells become "turgid" when they are put in dilute solutions. Turgid means swollen and hard. The pressure inside the cell rises, eventually the internal pressure of the cell is so high that no more water can enter the cell. This liquid or hydrostatic pressure works against osmosis. Turgidity is very important to plants because this is what make the green parts of the plant "stand up" into the sunlight.
When plant cells are placed in concentrated sugar solutions they lose water by osmosis and they become "flaccid"; this is the exact opposite of "turgid". If you put plant cells into concentrated sugar solutions and look at them under a microscope you would see that the contents of the cells have shrunk and pulled away from the cell wall: they are said to be plasmolysed.
When plant cells are placed in a solution which has exactly the same osmotic strength as the cells they are in a state between turgidity and flaccidity. We call this incipient plasmolysis. "Incipient" means "about to be". When I forget to water the potted plants in my study you will see their leaves droop. Although their cells are not plasmolsysed, they are not turgid and so they do not hold the leaves up into the sunlight.
And now for the animal cells:
When animal cells are placed in sugar solutions things may be rather different because animal cells do not have cell walls. In very dilute solutions, animal cells swell up and burst: they do not become turgid because there is no cell wall to support the cell membrane. In concentrated solutions, water is sucked out of the cell by osmosis and the cell shrinks. In either case there is a problem. So animal cells must always be bathed in a solution having the same osmotic strength as their cytoplasm. This is one of the reasons why we have kidneys. The exact amount of water and salt removed from our blood by our kidneys is under the control of a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. The process of regulating the amounts of water and mineral salts in the blood is called osmoregulation. My insulin page will tell you more about other homeostatic mechanisms.
Animals which live on dry land must conserve water; so must animals which live in the sea (the sea is very salty!), but animals which live in freshwater have the opposite problem; they must get rid of excess water as fast as it gets into their bodies by osmosis.
Medicine tablet definition and essential quality of a tablet
.jpg) |
| Tablet |
TABLET:
Tablets may be defined as solid pharmaceutical dosage forms containing drug substances with or without suitable diluents and prepared either by compression or molding methods. Although it is possible to manufacture in a range of shape, official tablets are defined as circular sizes with either flat or convex .
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| Tablet |
Essential quality of a tablet :
· They should be accurate and uniform in weight.
· The drugs should be uniform distributed through the tablets.
· The size and shape should be reasonable for easy administration.( range 3/16’’ to ½’’)
· The tablets should not be too hard that it may not be disintegration in the stomach.
· They should not be any incompatibilities.
· They should be chemically , physically and microbiologically stable during storage.
· They should be attractive in appearance.
· After administration it should disintegrate readily.
· They should be easy and economic in production.
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